The global shift toward electrified economies is reshaping perceptions of energy security, with the supply of critical minerals like lithium, graphite, copper, and rare earths now dictating the pace of energy technology deployment. As countries scramble to secure these essential resources, the U.S. finds itself facing significant supply chain vulnerabilities despite its abundant mineral reserves.
While U.S. oil production has reached record levels, domestic production of metals crucial for batteries, wind turbines, and solar panels lags significantly. This gap is not due to a lack of resources but rather a failure in policy. If the U.S. intends to lead the global energy and electrification race, immediate action is needed to boost mining activities.
A recent study highlights the protracted timelines for bringing new mines into operation in the U.S., which average 29 years from discovery to production. This is longer than any country except Zambia and contrasts sharply with the country’s vast mineral resource base. For example, the U.S. has copper resources comparable to Canada and Australia combined and a lithium endowment twice that of Australia, which dominates global production. Despite this, the U.S. has opened only three major metal mines since 2002.
The inability to transform domestic resources into reliable supply chains has increased U.S. reliance on mineral imports, particularly from geopolitical rivals. China is now the top producer or supplier for 30 of the 50 mineral commodities deemed essential for U.S. economic and national security.
Decades of adversarial policies toward American mining have turned a potential strength into a strategic weakness. While there is bipartisan recognition of this minerals vulnerability, a cohesive American minerals policy is urgently needed. Although some industrial policies aim to support American mining and reshore supply chains, mine permit approvals remain mired in bureaucracy.
The absence of new American mines highlights the need for streamlined permitting processes to convert resource potential into production. Without this, incentives like manufacturing tax credits and loans from the Department of Energy will have limited impact. It is crucial to address the self-imposed mineral bottleneck and implement smart industrial policies that prioritize reducing permitting delays and approving responsible mining operations.
A “Made-in-America” approach must include “Mined-in-America,” necessitating coordinated efforts across federal agencies to develop a unified minerals policy. Countries like Canada and Australia have dedicated ministerial offices for mining, and the U.S. should establish a similar coordinating office to advocate for mining development.
The stakes in the minerals challenge are high, but so are the opportunities. With soaring mineral demand and China’s efforts to monopolize the market, there is an urgent need for decisive action. Establishing a robust minerals policy and a leading U.S. office to oversee it is imperative for securing the nation’s energy future, economic competitiveness, and national security. 
